Haiti: A Case Study in Post-Cold War Peacekeeping

Charting the " hows " of Foreign Policy Institute for the Study of Diplomacy • Charting the " hows " of Foreign Policy O peration Uphold Democracy, the U.S.-led, multinational insecurity support to a society moving from authoritarianism to democracy. Finally, both in its MNF and UNMIH phases, the operation made a significant, although perhaps insufficient, use of international police to supplement the efforts of its military component. At the height of the U.S. military presence, shortly after the MNF's initial deployment, over 23,000 American military personnel were stationed in Haiti. As of Septem-ber 1995, there were 2,500 Ameri-can soldiers, out of a total of 6,000 UN peacekeeping troops, and 800 UN civilian police, drawn from thirty-one countries. In February 1996, the mission of this peacekeeping force will be concluded. The troops will return home, having successfully completed a complex and challenging operation. Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (ISD) sponsors discussions , research, and publications focusing on the implementation of foreign policy — seeking to answer the question " how " announced policy objectives can best be pursued. It does so by drawing on the concrete experiences of practitioners and the conceptual, comparative, and historical work of academics. In so doing, the Institute fills a special niche within the academic and practitioner communities. tervention that restored Haiti's legitimate government, can serve in many ways as a paradigm of post-Cold War peacekeeping, embodying a number of features that have marked other peacekeeping enterprises. First, the operation proceeded in the sequence, initially employed before the 1991 Gulf War, of a UN Security Council " all necessary means " resolution followed by the creation of an ad hoc, multilateral coalition, which in turn fielded a multilateral force (MNF) that, in the Haitian case, was replaced by a UN peacekeeping force—the UN Mission in Haiti, or UNMIH. Second , the operation dealt with an internal , not an external, conflict. Third, the objective of this operation was to restore a legitimate government and to provide temporary